Treating large bone defects, known as critical-sized defects (CSDs), is challenging because
they are not spontaneously healed by the patient's body. Due to the limitations associated …

The current need for long lasting implants and bone substitutes characterized by
biocompatibility, bioactivity and mechanical properties, without the immune rejection is a …

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been considered to be one of the most preferred scaffold
materials among many in the last decade for the bone tissue engineering. Be it prosthetic …

The immune microenvironment induced by biomaterials played vital roles in bone
regeneration. Hydroxyapatite (HA) and its ion-substituted derivates represent a large class …

Tissue engineering is promising in realizing successful treatments of human body tissue
loss that current methods cannot treat well or achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. In …

Tissue engineering is considered one of the most important therapeutic strategies of
regenerative medicine. The main objective of these new technologies is the development of …

Various strategies have been explored to overcome critically sized bone defects via bone
tissue engineering approaches that incorporate biomimetic scaffolds. Biomimetic scaffolds …

Significant progress has been made in the field of cartilage and bone tissue engineering
over the last two decades. As a result, there is real promise that strategies to regenerate …

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, has emerged over the past 3 decades as
a disruptive technology for rapid prototyping and manufacturing. Vat polymerization, powder …

Before a lead compound goes through a clinical trial, preclinical studies utilize two‐
dimensional (2D) in vitro models and animal models to study the pharmacodynamics and …