The aim of this ESC Guideline is to help health professionals manage people with heart
failure (HF) according to the best available evidence. Fortunately, we now have a wealth of …

Longer human lives have led to a global burden of late-life disease. However, some older
people experience little ill health, a trait that should be extended to the general population …

Background A rise in the incidence of some autoimmune disorders has been described.
However, contemporary estimates of the overall incidence of autoimmune diseases and …

Abstract Document Reviewers: Rudolf A. de Boer (CPG Review Coordinator)(Netherlands),
P. Christian Schulze (CPG Review Coordinator)(Germany), Magdy Abdelhamid (Egypt) …

In the 1970s, treatment with thyroid extract was superseded by levothyroxine, a synthetic l
form of tetraiodothyronine. Since then, no major innovation has emerged for the treatment of …

Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, neuronal development, reproduction and
regulation of energy metabolism. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common …

Importance Subclinical hypothyroidism, defined as an elevated serum thyrotropin (often
referred to as thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH) level with normal levels of free thyroxine …

Importance The benefit of thyroid hormone therapy for subclinical hypothyroidism is
uncertain. New evidence from recent large randomized clinical trials warrants an update of …

Obesity is an emerging condition, with a prevalence of~ 20%. Although the simple
measurement of BMI is likely a simplistic approach to obesity, BMI is easily calculated, and …

Clinical question What are the benefits and harms of thyroid hormones for adults with
subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH)? This guideline was triggered by a recent systematic …