Offspring phenotype at birth is determined by its genotype and the prenatal environment including exposure to maternal hormones. Variation in both maternal glucocorticoids and …
Maternal thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine T3 and thyroxine T4) are important regulators of embryonic development and gene expression. While maternal thyroid disorders are known …
In ecology and evolution, parental effects refer to the influence parents have on their offspring's traits beyond just genetics. These effects come from factors like parental behavior …