Zooplankton are major consumers of phytoplankton primary production in marine
ecosystems. As such, they represent a critical link for energy and matter transfer between …

A planetary-scale understanding of the ocean ecosystem, particularly in light of climate
change, is crucial. Here, we review the work of Tara Oceans, an international …

The transfer of organic carbon from the upper to the deep ocean by particulate export flux is
the starting point for the long-term storage of photosynthetically fixed carbon. This 'biological …

Quantitative imaging instruments produce a large number of images of plankton and marine
snow, acquired in a controlled manner, from which the visual characteristics of individual …

Spectrally resolved water-leaving radiances (ocean colour) and inferred chlorophyll
concentration are key to studying phytoplankton dynamics at seasonal and inter-annual …

Aquatic ecologists face challenges in identifying the general rules of the functioning of
ecosystems. A common framework, including freshwater, marine, benthic, and pelagic …

Ocean biogeochemical models describe the ocean's circulation, physical properties,
biogeochemical properties and their transformations using coupled differential equations …

Autonomous and cabled platforms are revolutionizing our understanding of ocean systems
by providing 4D monitoring of the water column, thus going beyond the reach of ship‐based …

Rapid changes of the biosphere observed in recent years are caused by both small and
large scale drivers, like shifts in temperature, transformations in land-use, or changes in the …

The growth of phytoplankton at high latitudes was generally thought to begin in open waters
of the marginal ice zone once the highly reflective sea ice retreats in spring, solar elevation …