The skin is a complex organ that has devised numerous strategies, such as physical,
chemical, and microbiological barriers, to protect the host from external insults. In addition …

The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique
focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous …

In the last decade, preclinical investigations of electroacupuncture mechanisms on
persistent tissue-injury (inflammatory), nerve-injury (neuropathic), cancer, and visceral pain …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

The CNS is endowed with an elaborated response repertoire termed'neuroinflammation',
which enables it to cope with pathogens, toxins, traumata and degeneration. On the basis of …

Central sensitization represents an enhancement in the function of neurons and circuits in
nociceptive pathways caused by increases in membrane excitability and synaptic efficacy as …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a central component in signaling networks in a
multitude of mammalian cell types. This review covers recent advances on specific functions …

The transition from acute to chronic pain appears to occur in discrete pathophysiological and
histopathological steps. Stimuli initiating a nociceptive response vary, but receptors and …

Microglial cells are responsible for immune surveillance within the CNS. They respond to
noxious stimuli by releasing inflammatory mediators and mounting an effective inflammatory …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important for intracellular signal transduction
and play critical roles in regulating neural plasticity and inflammatory responses. The MAPK …