Large herbivores play unique ecological roles and are disproportionately imperiled by
human activity. As many wild populations dwindle towards extinction, and as interest grows …

Phenotypic plasticity is considered the major means by which plants cope with
environmental heterogeneity. Although ubiquitous in nature, actual phenotypic plasticity is …

Over the past decade, advances in both molecular developmental biology and evolutionary
ecology have made possible a new understanding of organisms as dynamic systems …

Trophic cascades—the top-down regulation of ecosystems by predators—are an essential
aspect of ecosystem function and well-being. Trophic cascades are often drastically …

We consider the role that key structural traits, such as spinescence, pubescence,
sclerophylly and raphides, play in protecting plants from herbivore attack. Despite the …

Phenotypic plasticity is widespread in nature, and often involves ecologically relevant
behavioral, physiological, morphological and life-historical traits. As a result, plasticity alters …

Induced resistance is now widely accepted as a potent and widespread ecological force
although several pieces of the story remain very poorly known. Theory predicts that induced …

At a glance, most species seem adapted to the environment in which they live. Yet species
relentlessly evolve, and populations within species evolve in different ways. Evolution, as it …

Wild large herbivores are declining worldwide. Despite extensive use of exclosure
experiments to investigate herbivore impacts, there is little consensus on the effects of wild …

Mutualisms are key components of biodiversity and ecosystem function, yet the forces
maintaining them are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of removing large …