The immune system is an evolutionary hallmark of higher organisms that defends the host
against invading pathogens and exogenous infections. This defense includes the …

The vascular endothelial surface is coated by the glycocalyx, a ubiquitous gel‐like layer
composed of a membrane‐binding domain that contains proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycan …

Fluid overload (FO) is characterized by hypervolemia, edema, or both. In clinical practice it is
usually suspected when a patient shows evidence of pulmonary edema, peripheral edema …

Objective: To investigate the association between synthetic colloids and biomarkers of acute
kidney injury (AKI) in dogs with hemorrhagic shock. Design: Experimental interventional …

The endothelial glycocalyx (EG) is the thin sugar-based lining on the apical surface of
endothelial cells. It has been linked to the physiological functioning of the microcirculation …

Acute hemorrhage in small animals results from traumatic and non-traumatic causes. This
review seeks to describe current understanding of the resuscitation of the acutely …

Background: Hemorrhagic shock and volume replacement can alter coagulation. Synthetic
colloids, hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and gelatin, may enhance hypocoagulability. Our …

The goal of resuscitative fluid therapy is to rapidly expand circulating blood volume in order
to restore tissue perfusion. Although this therapy often serves to improve …

Excessive microvascular permeability is a serious complication following hemorrhagic shock
and resuscitation (HSR). S1P has been shown to ameliorate microvascular leakage in a …

Critical illness is often accompanied by a hemodynamic imbalance between
macrocirculation and microcirculation, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Microcirculatory …