Introduction: Defective closure of the neural tube affects different systems and generates
sequelae, such as neurogenic bladder (NB). Myelomeningocele (MMC) represents the most …

Spinal dysraphism, which includes conditions such as myelomeningocele and sacral
agenesis, is one of the most common causes of congenital lower urinary tract dysfunction …

ABSTRACT Introduction Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) is characterized by a retrograde flow
of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. It is one of the most common urinary …

Objectives: Identify the etiology of spinal dysraphism medical conditions and emergencies.
Review the appropriate evaluation of spinal dysraphism and myelomeningocele. Outline the …

Closed spinal dysraphism (SD) is a type of neural tube defect originating during early
embryonic development whereby the neural tissue of the spinal defect remains covered by …

Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) is a type of occult spinal dysraphism that may lead to
permanent neurologic and orthopedic deficits. Infants with TCS may have lumbosacral …

Abstract Anterior Thoracic Myelomeningocele is a very rare condition. The diagnosis may be
made before or after birth. Association with loss of physiologic curvature of the spine is …

Objective To examine the epidemiology and health care burden of upper tract urolithiasis in
children with spinal abnormalities using a large, national database. Children with spinal …

Objectives: The incidence of spinal dysraphism has significantly decreased over the last few
decades, all over the world; however, still the incidence is much higher in developing …

Introduction and importance Benign cystic teratoma considered an extragonadal germ cell
tumor that can present at any age and mostly located in the anterior mediastinum, only 3 …