Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

A dopaminergic deficiency in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) causes abnormalities of
movement, behaviour, learning, and emotions. The main motor features (ie, tremor, rigidity …

Objective Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) could potentially be used to interact with
pathological brain signals to intervene and ameliorate their effects in disease states. Here …

Hyperkinetic states are common in human movement disorders, but their neural basis
remains uncertain. One such condition is dyskinesia, a serious adverse effect of medical and …

Parkinson's disease is a common and disabling disorder of movement owing to
dopaminergic denervation of the striatum. However, it is still unclear how this denervation …

The functions of rewards are based primarily on their effects on behavior and are less
directly governed by the physics and chemistry of input events as in sensory systems …

Introduction: Several software and hardware advances in the field of deep brain stimulation
(DBS) have been realized in recent years and devices from three manufacturers are …

Oscillations form a ubiquitous feature of the central nervous system. Evidence is accruing
from cortical and sub-cortical recordings that these rhythms may be functionally important …

The basal ganglia (BG) are a highly organized network, where different parts are activated
for specific functions and circumstances. The BG are involved in movement control, as well …

Abstract l-3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) remains the most effective symptomatic
treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, long-term administration of l-DOPA is …