Ketamine and ketamine metabolite pharmacology: insights into therapeutic mechanisms

P Zanos, R Moaddel, PJ Morris, LM Riggs… - Pharmacological …, 2018 - Elsevier
Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)-and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use
since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine …

Hydroxynorketamines: pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications

JN Highland, P Zanos, LM Riggs, P Georgiou… - Pharmacological …, 2021 - Elsevier
Hydroxynorketamines (HNKs) are formed in vivo after (R, S)-ketamine (ketamine)
administration. The 12 HNK stereoisomers are distinguished by the position of cyclohexyl …

Metabolism and metabolomics of ketamine: a toxicological approach

RJ Dinis-Oliveira - Forensic sciences research, 2017 - academic.oup.com
Ketamine is a phencyclidine derivative and a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-
aspartate (NMDA) receptor for which glutamate is the full agonist. It produces a functional …

Lack of Antidepressant Effects of (2R,6R)-Hydroxynorketamine in a Rat Learned Helplessness Model: Comparison with (R)-Ketamine

Y Shirayama, K Hashimoto - International Journal of …, 2018 - academic.oup.com
Background (R)-Ketamine exhibits rapid and sustained antidepressant effects in animal
models of depression. It is stereoselectively metabolized to (R)-norketamine and …

Sub-anesthetic concentrations of (R, S)-ketamine metabolites inhibit acetylcholine-evoked currents in α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

R Moaddel, G Abdrakhmanova, J Kozak… - European journal of …, 2013 - Elsevier
The effect of the (R, S)-ketamine metabolites (R, S)-norketamine,(R, S)-
dehydronorketamine,(2S, 6S)-hydroxynorketamine and (2R, 6R)-hydroxynorketamine on the …

Classics in chemical neuroscience: ketamine

MW Tyler, HB Yourish, DF Ionescu… - ACS chemical …, 2017 - ACS Publications
Ketamine, a molecule of many faces, has contributed immeasurably to numerous realms of
clinical practice and scientific inquiry. From anesthesia and analgesia to depression and …

AMPA receptor activation–independent antidepressant actions of ketamine metabolite (S)-norketamine

C Yang, S Kobayashi, K Nakao, C Dong, M Han… - Biological …, 2018 - Elsevier
Background Ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, exerts robust
antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. The precise …

Simultaneous population pharmacokinetic modelling of ketamine and three major metabolites in patients with treatment‐resistant bipolar depression

X Zhao, SLV Venkata, R Moaddel… - British journal of …, 2012 - Wiley Online Library
WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT•(R, S)‐ketamine is a phencyclidine
derivative that was initially developed as an anaesthetic agent and which is currently being …

Identifying electrochemical fingerprints of ketamine with voltammetry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for its detection in seized samples

J Schram, M Parrilla, N Sleegers, N Samyn… - Analytical …, 2020 - ACS Publications
Herein, a straightforward electrochemical approach for the determination of ketamine in
street samples and seizures is presented by employing screen-printed electrodes (SPE) …

Stereoselective and regiospecific hydroxylation of ketamine and norketamine

Z Desta, R Moaddel, ET Ogburn, C Xu… - Xenobiotica, 2012 - Taylor & Francis
The objective was to determine the cytochrome P450s (CYPs) responsible for the
stereoselective and regiospecific hydroxylation of ketamine [(R, S)-Ket] to diastereomeric …