Chapter 2, building on prior assessments, provides a global assessment of the observed
impacts and projected risks of climate change to terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems …

Forests are among the most important terrestrial ecological systems in terms of the multitude
of ecosystem functions and services they provide. These biotic systems are vital not only for …

Understanding the processes that shape forest functioning, structure, and diversity remains
challenging, although data on forest systems are being collected at a rapid pace and across …

Fragmentation transforms the environment along forest edges. The prevailing narrative,
driven by research in tropical systems, suggests that edge environments increase tree …

Forests worldwide are threatened by various environmental and anthropogenic hazards,
especially tropical forests. Knowledge on the impacts of these hazards on forest structure …

Highlights•CPO GHG footprint varies spatially by a factor of 35 (0.7–26.0 t CO 2 eq t− 1
CPO).•Avoiding development on peat and forest reduces the GHG footprint in 2030 by …

Vegetation succession and soil infiltration characteristics under five different restoration
models of refuse dumps including different-aged revegetated sites (1995, 1998, 2003 and …

Tropical forests are being cleared at an accelerating rate, despite being one of the most
important habitats for global biodiversity. Many remaining tropical forest tracts are now …

The Atlantic forest is one of the most threatened tropical forest ecosystem in the world, and
despite current knowledge, its ability to recover structure and diversity after a disturbance is …

Due to deforestation, intact tropical forest areas are increasingly transformed into a mixture
of remaining forest patches and human modified areas. These forest fragments suffer from …