Animals receive environmental stimuli from neural signals in order to produce hormones that
control immune responses. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a group of steroid hormones …

Although initially described as an anti-tumor mediator, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is
generally considered as the master pro-inflammatory cytokine. It plays a crucial role in the …

PurposeTreatment with programmed cell death-1 or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-(L) 1)
inhibitors is now standard therapy for patients with lung cancer. The immunosuppressive …

The treatment of lung cancer has changed drastically in recent years owing to the advent of
immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). A 1992 study reported that programmed cell death-1 …

Cushing's syndrome (CS), or chronic hypercortisolism, induces a variety of alterations in the
immune system, often leading to severe clinical complications such as sepsis and …

Glucocorticoids (GCs) play an important role in regulating the inflammatory and immune
response and have been used since decades to treat various inflammatory and autoimmune …

The severe cases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) frequently exhibit excessive
inflammatory responses, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulopathy, and …

Although TNF is a major proinflammatory cytokine, increasing evidence indicates that TNF
also has immunosuppressive feedback effects. We have demonstrated in this study that, in …

Immunosuppression is frequently associated with malignancy and is particularly severe in
patients with malignant glioma. Anergy and counterproductive shifts toward TH2 cytokine …

Glucocorticoids are potent immunosuppressive agents with complex actions on immune
cells evoking the following effects: inducing apoptosis, changing differentiation fate …