In both plants and animals, defense against pathogens relies on a complex surveillance
system for signs of danger. Danger signals may originate from the infectious agent or from …

Steroid hormones are important signaling molecules in plants and animals. The plant steroid
hormone brassinosteroids were first isolated and characterized in the 1970s and have been …

Plants are exposed to diverse abiotic stresses like drought, heat, salinity, and high-metal
concentrations at different stages of their life cycle. As protection against stress, plants …

Plant peptide hormones are important players that control various aspects of the lives of
plants. RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides have recently emerged as …

Rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) in plants have been reported to dampen pathogen‐
associated molecular pattern (PAMP)‐triggered immunity via suppressing PAMP‐induced …

Rapid Alkalinization Factors (RALFs) are small, cysteine-rich peptides known to be involved
in various aspects of plant development and growth. Although RALF peptides have been …

In flowering plants, male gametophyte development occurs in the anther. Tapetum, the
innermost of the four anther somatic layers, surrounds the developing reproductive cells to …

Perception of Damaged Self in Plants1 [OPEN] | Plant Physiology | Oxford Academic Skip to
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Small secreted proteins (SSPs) are less than 250 amino acids in length and are actively
transported out of cells through conventional protein secretion pathways or unconventional …

Small signalling peptides, generated from larger protein precursors, are important
components to orchestrate various plant processes such as development and immune …