Preventing pathogen transmission to a new host is of major interest to the immunologist and
could benefit from a detailed investigation of pathogen immune evasion strategies. The first …

Background Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that nests in macrophages and is
responsible for the Leishmaniasis disease. In spite of different defense pathways, last …

Oral diseases caused by infectious pathogens raises significant concerns in public health. In
the light of side effects of current antibiotics therapy and growing drug resistance of …

Macrophages express TNFR1 as well as TNFR2 and are also major producers of tumor
necrosis factor (TNF), especially upon contact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns …

Multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens pose an increasing threat to human health. Certain
bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, are able to survive within professional phagocytes …

Introduction: An event of increasing interest during host-pathogen interactions is the
polarization of patrolling/naive monocytes (MOs) into macrophage subsets (MФs) …

Lysozyme is commonly found in spots where bacterial infections are most likely to enter the
body. Earlier we found that lysozyme possesses five antimicrobial peptide motifs in its N …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent first line of host defence against microbes. Amongst
different TLRs, TLR22 is exclusively expressed in non-mammalian vertebrates, including …

Giardia duodenalis is a common intestinal protozoan parasite known to modulate host
immune responses, including dendritic cell (DC) function. Coinfections of intestinal …

The genetic repertoire underlying teleost immunity has been shown to be highly variable. A
rare example is Atlantic cod and its relatives Gadiformes that lacks a hallmark of vertebrate …