Macrophages are specialized cells that control tissue homeostasis. They include non-
resident and tissue-resident macrophage populations which are characterized by the …

Abstract Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), also known as FMS kinase, is a type
I single transmembrane protein mainly expressed in myeloid cells, such as monocytes …

Abstract CSF-1 and IL-34 share the CSF-1 receptor and no differences have been reported
in the signaling pathways triggered by both ligands in human monocytes. IL-34 promotes the …

A number of human diseases, such as arthritis and atherosclerosis, include characteristic
pathology in specific anatomical locations. Here we show transcriptomic differences in …

IL-34 is a novel cytokine that was identified in 2008 in a comprehensive proteomic analysis
as a tissue-specific ligand of CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R). IL-34 exists in all vertebrates …

Interleukin‐34 (IL‐34) was recently characterized as the M‐CSF “twin” cytokine, regulating
the proliferation/differentiation/survival of myeloid cells. The implication of M‐CSF in …

In recent years, the landscape of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines has rapidly expanded
with the identification of new members proven to be involved at different extent in the …

IL-34 is a recently identified cytokine that signals via the M-CSF receptor and promotes
monocyte survival. Depending on the environment, monocytes can differentiate into …

Chronic inflammation including autoimmune disease is an important risk factor for the
development of osteoporosis. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and …

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have historically developed progressive damage of
articular bone and cartilage, which correlates with disability over time. In addition, these …