The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing in both sexes, but men are usually
diagnosed at a younger age and lower body fat mass than women. Worldwide, an estimated …

Abstract Purpose of Review Obesity is a heterogeneous condition, yet sex/gender is rarely
considered in the prevention or clinical care of this disease. This review examined and …

Gender and biological sex impact the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including
metabolic disorders such as diabetes. In most parts of the world, diabetes is more prevalent …

Women undergo important changes in sex hormones throughout their lifetime that can
impact cardiovascular disease risk. Whereas the traditional cardiovascular risk factors …

Oestrogens and their receptors contribute broadly to physiology and diseases. In
premenopausal women, endogenous oestrogens protect against cardiovascular, metabolic …

Estrogen receptors (ERs) regulate multiple complex physiological processes in humans.
Abnormal ER signaling may result in various disorders, including reproductive system …

Gut bacteria influence brain functions and metabolism. We investigated whether this
influence can be mediated by direct sensing of bacterial cell wall components by brain …

Aging women experience hormonal changes, such as decreased estrogen and increased
circulating androgen, due to natural or surgical menopause. These hormonal changes make …

Obesity is associated with many adverse health effects, such as an increased
cardiometabolic risk. Despite higher adiposity for a given BMI, premenopausal women are at …

Oestradiol establishes neural sex differences in many vertebrates 1, 2, 3 and modulates
mood, behaviour and energy balance in adulthood 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. In the canonical pathway …