Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive intermediates of molecular oxygen that act as
important second messengers within the cells; however, an imbalance between generation …

Immune cell functions are regulated by co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory receptors. The first
two generations of cancer immunotherapy agents consist primarily of antagonist antibodies …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF; TNFα) is a critical regulator of immune responses in
healthy organisms and in disease. TNF is involved in the development and proper …

Apoptosis is the programmed cell death which maintains the healthy survival/death balance
in metazoan cells. Defect in apoptosis can cause cancer or autoimmunity, while enhanced …

Hepatocellular death is present in almost all types of human liver disease and is used as a
sensitive parameter for the detection of acute and chronic liver disease of viral, toxic …

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the prototypic pro-inflammatory cytokine. It is central to host
defense and inflammatory responses but under certain circumstances also triggers cell …

Bone is a tissue undergoing continuous building and degradation. This remodelling is a
tightly regulated process that can be disturbed by many factors, particularly hormonal …

The TNF and TNF Receptor Superfamilies: Cell Skip to Main Content Advertisement Cell This
journal offers authors two options (open access or subscription) to publish research This …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondria play an important role in apoptosis
induction under both physiologic and pathologic conditions. Interestingly, mitochondria are …

The mechanism of apoptosis has been extensively characterized over the past decade, but
little is known about alternative forms of regulated cell death. Although stimulation of the …