A ubiquitously expressed cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays a
significant role in various ongoing cellular mechanisms. The gain or loss-of-function of TGF …

Gap junctions consist of arrays of intercellular channels that enable adjacent cells to
communicate both electrically and metabolically. Gap junctions have a wide diversity of …

The balance between bone forming cells (osteoblasts/osteocytes) and bone resorbing cells
(osteoclasts) plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and bone repair. Several hormones …

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily controls a wide spectrum of biological
processes in metazoans, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell-fate …

Lactate acidosis is often observed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of solid tumors. This
is because glucose breaks down quickly via glycolysis, causing lactate acidity. Lactate is …

Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into
adipocytes and osteoblasts. Various external stimuli, including environmental contaminants …

Osteoarthritis is non-inflammatory degenerative joint arthritis, which exacerbates disability in
elder persons. The molecular mechanisms of osteoarthritis are elusive. Ubiquitination, one …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most significant forms of human cancer. It is
characterized by its heterogeneity because several molecular factors are involved in …

The dysregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in diabetic retinopathy progression.
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell permeability are important events in …

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) refers to the conversion of epithelial cells to
mesenchymal phenotype, which endows the epithelial cells with enhanced migration …