Caroline Gordon1, 2, 3, Maame-Boatemaa Amissah-Arthur1, Mary Gayed1, 3, Sue Brown4,
Ian N. Bruce5, 6, David D'Cruz7, Benjamin Empson8, Bridget Griffiths9, David Jayne10, 11 …

Introduction The gold standard for the determination of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate
(ESR) is the Westergren method. Other methods to measure the ESR have become …

Acute phase reactants (APR) are inflammation markers that exhibit significant changes in
serum concentration during inflammation. These are also important mediators produced in …

Background Both C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) can be
elevated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flare and infection, and are therefore of …

SLE is a chronic autoimmune disease involving multiple systems. Patients with SLE are
highly susceptible to infections due to the combined effects of their immunosuppressive …

Infection is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with systemic lupus
erythematous (SLE). Dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immune systems increases the …

Despite advances in the treatment, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often
experience disease exacerbations (flares) of varying severity. Their diagnosis is primarily …

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory
disease characterised by immune dysregulation affecting multiple organs. Current anti …

Serological and proteomic biomarkers can help clinicians diagnose rheumatic diseases
earlier and assess disease activity more accurately. These markers have been incorporated …

Background Cardiovascular (CV) involvement in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE) is presumably subclinical for the major part of its evolution. We evaluated the …