Ocular diseases may be treated via different routes of administration, such as topical,
intracameral, intravitreal, oral and parenteral. Among them the topical route is most accepted …

Topical ocular preparations are widely recommended by health care professionals, or
chosen by patients, to help manage dry eye disease (DED). The chronic and progressive …

Intravitreal injections and implants are used to deliver drugs to the retina because
therapeutic levels of these medications cannot be provided by topical administration (ie eye …

Thermosensitive hydrogels are in situ gelling systems composed of hydrophilic
homopolymers or block copolymers which remain as solutions at room temperature and …

The discovery of proteins that neutralise vascular endothelial growth factors, such as
pegaptanib, ranibizumab and aflibercept, can inhibit the process of angiogenesis, thereby …

Local infectious diseases are disorders caused by a pathogen such as bacteria, fungi, virus,
and protozoa that common occur in the eyes, oral cavity, bone, and skin. Recently, the …

Imaging has become indispensable in the diagnosis and management of diseases in the
posterior part of the eye. In recent years, imaging techniques for the anterior segment are …

The prevalence of chronic fundus diseases is increasing with the aging of the general
population. The treatment of these intraocular diseases relies on invasive drug delivery …

The eye is susceptible to various diseases commonly difficult to treat. To overcome the
barriers imposed by this organ for required drugs penetration, technological strategies have …

Tacrolimus (TAC) suspension is used to treat moderate to severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis
(AKC) and vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). The objectives of this study were to formulate …