▪ Abstract Protective ant-plant interactions, important in both temperate and tropical
communities, are increasingly used to study a wide range of phenomena of general interest …

It has been known for centuries that floral and extra-floral nectar secreted by plants attracts
and rewards animals. Extra-floral nectar is involved in so-called indirect defense by …

Ants are probably the most dominant insect group on Earth, representing ten to fifteen
percent of animal biomass in terrestrial ecosystems. Flowering plants, meanwhile, owe their …

Mutualisms often define ecosystems, but they are susceptible to human activities.
Combining experiments, animal tracking, and mortality investigations, we show that the …

Mutualisms are key components of biodiversity and ecosystem function, yet the forces
maintaining them are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of removing large …

Understanding cooperation is a central challenge in biology, because natural selection
should favor “free-loaders” that reap benefits without reciprocating. For interspecific …

Savanna ecosystems, defined by the codominance of trees and grasses, cover one‐fifth of
the world's land surface and are of great socioeconomic and biological importance. Yet, the …

Both within and between species, leaves of plants display wide ranges in structural features.
These features include: gross investments of carbon and nitrogen substrates (eg leaf mass …

Successful conservation of large terrestrial mammals (wildlife) on private lands requires that
landowners be empowered to manage wildlife so that benefits outweigh the costs. Laikipia …

The impacts of ungulates on small mammals in an East African savanna habitat were
investigated by monitoring the population and community responses of small mammals on …