El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

Abstract The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant climate phenomenon
affecting extreme weather conditions worldwide. Its response to greenhouse warming has …

Abstract The MPI‐ESM1. 2 is the latest version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System
Model and is the baseline for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and …

Abstract El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate
variability on the planet, with far-reaching global impacts. It is therefore key to evaluate …

El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring fluctuation of the
climate system that is generated in the tropical Pacific through interactions between the …

Drought draws together contributions from over 75 leading international researchers in the
field to present the most comprehensive body of research on the physical and social …

Summary The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes climatic fluctuations in the tropics
and extratropics via atmospheric teleconnections. The anomalous Pacific sea surface …

The causes of the California drought during November–April winters of 2011/12–2013/14
are analyzed using observations and ensemble simulations with seven atmosphere models …

In this study, two types of El Niño events are classified based on spatial patterns of the sea
surface temperature (SST) anomaly. One is the cold tongue (CT) El Niño, which can be …

We propose that the first two empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of tropical Pacific
sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies do not describe different phenomena (ie, El Niño …