Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common irreversible ocular disease
characterized by vision impairment among older people. Many risk factors are related to …

Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) constitute a simple layer of cuboidal cells that are
strategically situated behind the photoreceptor (PR) cells. The inconspicuousness of this …

Lipofuscin granules enclose mixtures of cross-linked proteins and lipids in proportions that
depend on the tissue analyzed. Retinal lipofuscin is unique in that it contains mostly lipids …

As succinctly summarized by Wolf, 1 lack of vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) was recognized by
ancient Egyptians as causing a visual deficiency involving the retina and cornea that could …

Iron is an essential component in many biological processes in the human body. It is critical
for the visual phototransduction cascade in the retina. However, excess iron can be toxic …

Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging is an in vivo imaging method that allows for
topographic mapping of naturally or pathologically occurring intrinsic fluorophores of the …

Numerous studies have highlighted the key roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in
aging‐related diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, age‐related macular degeneration …

The retina exhibits an inherent autofluorescence that is imaged ophthalmoscopically as
fundus autofluorescence. In clinical settings, fundus autofluorescence examination aids in …

The photoreceptor/RPE complex must maintain a delicate balance between maximizing the
absorption of photons for vision and retinal image quality while simultaneously minimizing …

Background Drusen are extracellular lesions characteristic of aging and age-related
maculopathy, a major retinal disease of the elderly. We determined the relative proportions …