Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality,
underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Treatment with BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib or dabrafenib in patients with
advanced BRAFV600 mutated melanoma has shown objective tumor responses in …

Abstract The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by
genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases …

Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a subset of the molecular chaperones, best known for their
rapid and abundant induction by stress. HSP genes are activated at the transcriptional level …

This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular pathways and their
clinical relevance in melanoma. Metastatic melanoma was a grim diagnosis, but in recent …

The BH3-only Bim protein is a major determinant for initiating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway
under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Tight regulation of its …

Due to the critical role of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in regulating the stability, activity
and intracellular sorting of its client proteins involved in multiple oncogenic processes …

Opinion statement Melanoma is caused by a variety of somatic mutations, and among these
mutations, BRAF mutation occurs most frequently and has routinely been evaluated as a …

Introduction: In the era of precision medicine and sophisticated modern genetics, the
discovery of the BRAFV600 inhibitor, vemurafenib, quickly became the model for targeted …