Human cells dwell in salt water. Their well-being depends on the ability of the body to
regulate the salinity of extracellular fluids. By controlling water intake and excretion, the …

Abstract Background Primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune
disease with varied neurological manifestations. SS is associated with anti-aquaporin-4 …

Hypernatremia is a common electrolyte disorder in patients with brain injury. The mortality of
brain injury patients with severe hypernatremia may be as high as 86.8%. The efficacy of …

Hypernatremia is most often due to unreplaced water that is lost from the gastrointestinal
tract (vomiting or osmotic diarrhea), skin (sweat), or the urine (arginine vasopressin …

Metabolic encephalopathy is a critical condition that can be challenging to diagnose.
Imaging provides early clues to confirm clinical suspicions and plays an important role in the …

Background Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) primarily occurs after rapid correction
of severe hyponatremia. There are no proven effective therapies for ODS, but we describe …

Osmotic demyelination syndrome is a demyelinating disorder associated with rapid
correction of hyponatremia. But, it rarely occurs in acute hypernatremia, and it leads to …

An 11-month-old male presented with acute gastroenteritis, seizures, and altered mental
status. Laboratory workup revealed serum sodium of 177 mmol/L. Magnetic resonance …

Introduction. Central pontine myelinolysis is characterized by the occurrence of acute
demyelinating lesions of cells in the pons secondary to abrupt oscillations of serum …

Hypernatremia (serum sodium> 160 meq/L) present with diverse neurological
manifestations, ranging from flaccid paralysis to impaired cognition, encephalopathy, and …