The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of
parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the …

Pupillometry is the study of changes in the diameter of the pupil as a function of cognitive
processing. This review paper provides a brief historical overview of the study of …

Before the invention of electric lighting, humans were primarily exposed to intense (> 300
lux) or dim (< 30 lux) environmental light—stimuli at extreme ends of the circadian system's …

In the last three decades the two‐process model of sleep regulation has served as a major
conceptual framework in sleep research. It has been applied widely in studies on fatigue …

A variety of psychological and physical phenomena elicit variations in the diameter of pupil
of the eye. Changes in pupil size are mediated by the relative activation of the sphincter …

Daylight stems solely from direct, scattered and reflected sunlight, and undergoes dynamic
changes in irradiance and spectral power composition due to latitude, time of day, time of …

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) describes the constriction and subsequent dilation of the
pupil in response to light as a result of the antagonistic actions of the iris sphincter and …

The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of
publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the …

The importance of time is ever prevalent in our world, and disruptions to the normal
light/dark and sleep/wake cycle have now become the norm rather than the exception for a …

Aim Symptoms of bipolar disorder (BD) include changes in mood, activity, energy, sleep,
and appetite. Since many of these processes are regulated by circadian function, circadian …