Understanding animal emotions is a key to unlocking methods for improving animal welfare.
Currently there are no 'benchmarks' or any scientific assessments available for measuring …

Long-term clinical repair of articular cartilage remains elusive despite advances in cartilage
tissue engineering. Only one cartilage repair therapy classified as a “cellular and gene …

Grimace scales have been used for pain assessment in different species. This study aimed
to develop and validate the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS) to detect naturally-occurring acute …

Simple Summary Grimace scales for laboratory animals were first reported ten years ago.
Yet, despite their promise as pain assessment tools it appears that they have not been …

Animal models have been invaluable in the identification of molecular events occurring in
and contributing to intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and important therapeutic targets …

This study used deep neural networks and machine learning models to predict facial
landmark positions and pain scores using the Feline Grimace Scale©(FGS). A total of 3447 …

Our experiences of the conscious mental states that we call emotions drive our interest in
whether such states also exist in other animals. Because linguistic report can be used as a …

Facial expressions of pain have been identified in several animal species. The aim of this
systematic review was to provide evidence on the measurement properties of grimace …

Simple Summary Facial activity can convey valid information about the experience of pain in
a horse. However, scoring of pain in horses based on facial activity is still in its infancy and …

Simple Summary In several species, facial expressions have been associated with positive
and negative emotions to communicate their mental state. In dogs, the interpretation of these …