Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infections place an immense burden on health care systems
and pose particular diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Infection with HIV is the most …

The increase of allergic diseases in the industrialized world has often been explained by a
decline in infections during childhood. The immunological explanation has been put into the …

Parasites and infectious diseases are everywhere and represent some of the most potent
forces shaping the natural world. They affect almost every aspect imaginable in the life of …

The oral traditions of medicine and public health have it that malnutrition is an important risk
factor for the development of tuberculosis (TB). Malnutrition profoundly affects cell-mediated …

Tuberculosis is a major cause of death around the world, with most of the 1.5 million deaths
per year attributable to the disease occurring in developing countries. This disease is …

Background Most of the effort directed at understanding the role infections have in
preventing allergy has focused on bacteria and viruses and their ability to divert the immune …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most ubiquitous pathogens in the world: estimates
are that roughly one third of the world's population is infected with the bacillus, and it is …

Host-and pathogen-specific factors interplay with the environment in a complex fashion to
determine the outcome of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), resulting in one …

We investigated whether the proinflammatory T cell cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 are induced
by human mycobacterial infection. Remarkably,> 20% of specific cytokine-producing CD4+ …

▪ Abstract Immune responses can cause severe disease, despite the role immunity plays in
defending against parasitism. Indeed, immunopathology is a remarkably common cause of …