In response to diverse stress stimuli, eukaryotic cells activate a common adaptive pathway,
termed the integrated stress response (ISR), to restore cellular homeostasis. The core event …

A central mechanism regulating translation initiation in response to environmental stress
involves phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) …

In addition to the main, protein-coding, open reading frame (mORF), many eukaryotic
mRNAs contain upstream ORFs (uORFs) initiated at AUG or near-cognate codons residing …

The same genetic variant found in different individuals can cause a range of diverse
phenotypes, from no discernible clinical phenotype to severe disease, even among related …

Traditional annotation of protein-encoding genes relied on assumptions, such as one open
reading frame (ORF) encodes one protein and minimal lengths for translated proteins. With …

ATF4 is a cellular stress induced bZIP transcription factor that is a hallmark effector of the
integrated stress response. The integrated stress response is triggered by phosphorylation …

Translation regulation largely occurs during initiation, which features ribosome assembly
onto mRNAs and selection of the translation start site. Short, upstream ORFs (uORFs) …

Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential cell function. To safeguard
this process in the face of environmental threats and internal stressors, cells mount an …

Cells utilize transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms to alter gene expression in
response to environmental cues. Gene-specific controls, including changing the translation …

Highlights•Ascorbate is an essential reductant/antioxidant in plants.•The concentration of
ascorbate varies between plant tissues and different plants.•GDP-galactose phosphorylase …