Our understanding of the ubiquitin code has greatly evolved from conventional E1, E2 and
E3 enzymes that modify Lys residues on specific substrates with a single type of ubiquitin …

Nearly all resident proteins of the organelles along the secretory pathway, as well as
proteins that are expressed at the cell surface or secreted from the cell, are first co …

Tyrosinase, a copper-containing glycoprotein, is the rate-limiting enzyme critical for melanin
biosynthesis in specialized organelles termed melanosomes that are produced only by …

We show that Ydr049 (renamed VCP/Cdc48-associated mitochondrial stress-responsive—
Vms1), a member of an unstudied pan-eukaryotic protein family, translocates from the …

The multiple functions of the p97/Cdc48p ATPase can be explained largely by adaptors that
link its activity to different cellular pathways, but how these adaptors recognize different …

Recent work has shown that ubiquitination leads to recognition of target proteins by diverse
ubiquitin receptors. One family of receptors delivers the ubiquitinated proteins to the …

Hydrogen peroxide plays a central role in launching the defense response during stress in
plants. To establish a molecular profile provoked by a sustained increase in hydrogen …

Molecular chaperones and energy-dependent proteases have long been viewed as
opposing forces that control protein biogenesis. Molecular chaperones are specialized in …

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are thought to function as critical mediators of transcriptional
repression. However, the physiological targets and posttranslational modifications of the …

Elimination of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by ER-associated
degradation involves substrate retrotranslocation from the ER lumen into the cytosol for …