The orbitofrontal cortex represents the reward or affective value of primary reinforcers
including taste, touch, texture, and face expression. It learns to associate other stimuli with …

The habenula (Hb) is an evolutionary well-conserved structure located in the epithalamus.
The Hb receives inputs from the septum, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, anterior cingulate …

'The Orbitofrontal Cortex'explores a part of the brain that is important in human emotion,
pleasure, decision-making, valuation, and personality. In ten chapters the book describes …

Background Major depression (MD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are
psychiatric diseases with a huge impact on individual well-being. Despite optimal treatment …

There are myriad questions that emerge when one considers emotions and decision-
making: What produces emotions? Why do we have emotions? How do we have emotions …

Biological sex differences in brain function and structure are reliably associated with several
cortico-subcortical brain regions. While sexual orientation (hetero-versus homosexuality) …

Dystonia is by far the most intrusive and invalidating extrapyramidal side effect of potent
classical antipsychotic drugs. Antipsychotic drug-induced dystonia is classified in both acute …

Cortical regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex involved in reward and in non-reward and
which are implicated in depression, and the amygdala, are connected to the habenula via …

Anxiety disorders arise from disruptions among the highly interconnected circuits that
normally serve to process the streams of potentially threatening stimuli. The resulting …

Simple Summary This article proposes a new model for exploring happiness primarily from a
neurobiological perspective. Such understanding includes the dynamics of positive mood …