Eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial
respiratory chain. COX is a multimeric enzyme formed by subunits of dual genetic origin …

Zinc is an essential catalytic and structural cofactor for many enzymes and other proteins.
While Zn2+ is not redox active under physiological conditions, it has been known for many …

Metals are essential elements of all living organisms. Among them, copper is required for a
multiplicity of functions including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and protection …

The essential trace metals iron, zinc, and copper play important roles both in retinal
physiology and disease. They are involved in various retinal functions such as …

Polyamines are small polycations that are well conserved in all the living organisms except
Archae, Methanobacteriales and Halobacteriales. The most common polyamines are …

Diverse metal ions participate in multiple roles in protein structure and function. In addition to
their role in catalysis, electron transfer, and ligand binding, metal ions are important for the …

Mitochondrial proton-pumping NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (respiratory complex I)
comprises more than 40 polypeptides and contains eight canonical FeS clusters. The …

Eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial
respiratory chain. COX is a multimeric enzyme formed by subunits of dual genetic origin …

CcO (cytochrome c oxidase) is a multisubunit bigenomic protein complex which catalyses
the last step of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. The nuclear-encoded subunits are …

We review and document the evolutionary origin of all complex I assembly factors and nine
supernumerary subunits from protein families. Based on experimental data and the …