Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin that are actively
secreted. The potential of exosomes as effective communicators of biological signaling in …

To maintain physiological homeostasis, cell turnover occurs every day in the body via a form
of programmed cell death called apoptosis. During apoptosis, cells undergo distinct …

Cardiomyocytes are subjected to the intense mechanical stress and metabolic demands of
the beating heart. It is unclear whether these cells, which are long-lived and rarely renew …

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications
describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a …

In the final stages of apoptosis, apoptotic cells can generate a variety of membrane-bound
vesicles known as apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs). Apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs), a …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising candidates for multiple biomedical
applications. Major types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies …

Exosomes are becoming increasingly important therapeutic biomaterials for use in a variety
of therapeutic applications due to their unique characteristics, especially due to the …

The exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the outer plasma membrane has long been
considered a unique feature of apoptotic cells. Together with other “eat me” signals, it …

Drug delivery systems (DDSs) that can overcome tumor heterogeneity and achieve deep
tumor penetration are challenging to develop yet in high demand for cancer treatment. We …

Abstract Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exosomes are nano-sized, membrane-
bound vesicles shed by most eukaryotic cells studied to date. EVs play key signaling roles in …