Excessive alcohol consumption is a global healthcare problem. The liver sustains the
greatest degree of tissue injury by heavy drinking because it is the primary site of ethanol …

Despite major progress in understanding and managing liver disease in the past 30 years, it
is now among the top 10 most common causes of death globally. Several risk factors, such …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and alcohol abuse often contribute to the development of end-stage
liver disease. Alcohol abuse not only causes rapid progression of liver disease in HBV …

Hepatitis C virus infection affects 170 million people worldwide, and the majority of
individuals exposed to HCV develop chronic hepatitis leading to progressive liver damage …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood-borne pathogen that was identified as an etiologic agent
of non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1989. HCV is estimated to have infected at least 170 million …

Epidemiological evidence indicates that prolonged lifetime exposure to estrogen is
associated with elevated breast cancer risk in women. Oxidative stress and estrogen …

Background Alcohol consumption exacerbates the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV)
infection and worsens disease outcomes. The exact reasons are not clear yet, but they might …

Chronic hepatitis C is characterized by metabolic disorders and a microenvironment in the
liver dominated by oxidative stress, inflammation and regeneration processes that lead in …

Background Prolonged alcohol consumption is a significant co-factor in the progression of
chronic viral infections including hepatitis C and HIV, which are both single-stranded RNA …

Background: ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) proteins and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes
regulate the bioavailability of HIV‐1 antiretroviral therapeutic drugs, non‐nucleoside reverse …