Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that
involves demyelination and axonal degeneration. Although substantial progress has been …

Activation of extrasynaptic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors causes
neurodegeneration and cell death. The disease mechanism involves a pathological triad …

Glutamate neurotransmission and metabolism are finely modulated by the retinal network,
where the efficient processing of visual information is shaped by the differential distribution …

Excitotoxicity is well known in the neuronal death in the brain and is also linked to neuronal
damages in the retina. Recent accumulating evidence show that microglia greatly affect …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifaceted, complex and chronic neurological disease that
leads to motor, sensory and cognitive deficits. MS symptoms are unpredictable and …

Glial glutamate transporters actively participate in neurotransmission and have a
fundamental role in determining the ambient glutamate concentration in the extracellular …

Myelin is essential for the mammalian brain to function efficiently. Whilst many factors have
been associated with regulating the differentiation of oligodendroglia and myelination …

Glutamate signalling is an essential aspect of neuronal communication involving many
different glutamate receptors, and underlies the processes of memory, learning and synaptic …

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of various retinal cell degeneration models
in animal induced by chemicals (N-methyl-d-aspartate-and CoCl2-induced), autoimmune …

Objectives Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been suggested as a new promising tool in
MS that may provide greater pathological specificity than conventional MRI, helping …