Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a maladaptive and debilitating psychiatric disorder,
characterized by re-experiencing, avoidance, negative emotions and thoughts, and …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

This article reviews the behavioral neuroscience of extinction, the phenomenon in which a
behavior that has been acquired through Pavlovian or instrumental (operant) learning …

Once acquired, a fearful memory can persist for a lifetime. Although learned fear can be
extinguished, extinction memories are fragile. The resilience of fear memories to extinction …

Contexts surround and imbue meaning to events; they are essential for recollecting the past,
interpreting the present and anticipating the future. Indeed, the brain's capacity to …

We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of
classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. These …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) regulates emotional responses, but it is unclear how PFC
integrates diverse inputs to select the appropriate response. We therefore evaluated the …

Classical fear conditioning is a powerful behavioral paradigm that is widely used to study the
neuronal substrates of learning and memory. Previous studies have clearly identified the …

Emotional learning is necessary for individuals to survive and prosper. Once acquired,
however, emotional associations are not always expressed. Indeed, the regulation of …

Excessive fear and anxiety are hallmarks of a variety of disabling anxiety disorders that
affect millions of people throughout the world. Hence, a greater understanding of the brain …