Despite their widespread Internet availability and use, many of the new drugs of abuse
remain unfamiliar to health care providers. The herbal marijuana alternatives, like K2 or …

Covering: 1990 to 2015 The clerodane diterpenoids are a widespread class of secondary
metabolites and have been found in several hundreds of plant species from various families …

Opioids are the most effective analgesic drugs for the management of moderate or severe
pain, yet their clinical use is often limited because of the onset of adverse side effects. Drugs …

Salvia divinorum and Mitragyna speciosa (“Kratom”), two unscheduled dietary supplements
whose active agents are opioid receptor agonists, have discrete psychoactive effects that …

Between 2000 and 2005 several studies revealed that morphine is more potent and exhibits
fewer side effects in beta-arrestin 2 knockout mice. These findings spurred efforts to develop …

Highlights•μ-OR biased agonists represent promising analgesics with improved therapeutic
profiles.•Protein-ligand interactions might account for biased ligands functional …

Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is a member of the opioid receptor system, the G protein-
coupled receptors that are expressed throughout the peripheral and central nervous …

Pain remains a very pervasive problem throughout medicine. Classical pain management is
achieved through the use of opiates belonging to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) class, which …

Plant-based drugs of abuse are as old as recorded human history. Although traditional
addictive substances, such as opium, cannabis and coca, have been controlled by the …

Salvia divinorum is a perennial sage native to Oaxaca, Mexico, that has been used
traditionally in divination rituals and as a treatment for the “semimagical” disease panzón de …