European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the dominant tree species of Central Europe's natural
forests and one of the continent's most important timber species. This highly competitive …

The immune system probably evolved to limit the negative effects exerted by pathogens on
host homeostasis. This defence strategy relies on the concerted action of innate and …

The intestinal microbiota regulates immunity across organ systems. Which symbionts control
systemic immunity, the mechanisms they use, and how they avoid widespread inflammatory …

A host has two methods to defend against pathogens: It can clear the pathogens or reduce
their impact on health in other ways. The first, resistance, is well studied. Study of the …

A host can evolve two types of defence mechanism to increase its fitness when challenged
with a pathogen: resistance and tolerance. Immunology is a well-defined field in which the …

Hosts can in principle employ two different strategies to defend themselves against
parasites: resistance and tolerance. Animals typically exhibit considerable genetic variation …

The immune system is a life history trait that can be expected to trade off against other life
history traits. Whether or not a trait is considered to be a life history trait has consequences …

1. Heterogeneity in the ability of hosts to transmit pathogens is among the most fundamental
concepts in disease dynamics and has major implications for disease control strategies. 2 …

Background Fighting and controlling epidemic and endemic diseases represents a
considerable cost to livestock production. Much research is dedicated to breeding disease …

Tolerance and resistance are two different plant defense strategies against herbivores.
Empirical evidence in natural populations reveals that individual plants allocate resources …