Recent advancements in the creation of artificial extra base pairs (unnatural base pairs,
UBPs) are opening the door to a new research area, xenobiology, and genetic alphabet …

All biological information, since the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, has been
encoded by a genetic alphabet consisting of only four nucleotides that form two base pairs …

Organisms are defined by the information encoded in their genomes, and since the origin of
life this information has been encoded using a two-base-pair genetic alphabet (A–T and G …

Diatoms dominate the biomass of phytoplankton in nutrient-rich conditions and form the
basis of some of the world's most productive marine food webs,,,. The diatom nuclear …

All natural organisms store genetic information in a four-letter, two-base-pair genetic
alphabet. The expansion of the genetic alphabet with two synthetic unnatural nucleotides …

Natural organisms use a four-letter genetic alphabet that makes available 64 triplet codons,
of which 61 are sense codons used to encode proteins with the 20 canonical amino acids …

Virtually all natural proteins are built from only 20 amino acids, and while this makes
possible all the functions they perform, the ability to encode other amino acids selected for …

The plastids of ecologically and economically important algae from phyla such as
stramenopiles, dinoflagellates and cryptophytes were acquired via a secondary …

Previously, we reported the creation of a semi-synthetic organism (SSO) that stores and
retrieves increased information by virtue of stably maintaining an unnatural base pair (UBP) …

Plastids have a multitude of functions in eukaryotic cells, ranging from photosynthesis to
storage, and a role in essential biosynthetic pathways. All plastids are of either primary or …