Venomous animals have evolved toxins that interfere with specific components of their
victim's core physiological systems, thereby causing biological dysfunction that aids in prey …

Cerebral ischemia, also known as ischemic stroke, accounts for nearly 85% of all strokes
and is the leading cause of disability worldwide. Due to disrupted blood supply to the brain …

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are proton-gated members of the epithelial sodium
channel/degenerin (ENaC/DEG) superfamily of ion channels and are expressed throughout …

Glutamate is traditionally viewed as the first messenger to activate NMDAR (N-methyl-d-
aspartate receptor)-dependent cell death pathways in stroke,, but unsuccessful clinical trials …

Tissue acidification is associated with a variety of disease states, and acid-sensing ion
channels (ASICs) that can sense changes in pH have gained traction as possible …

Early brain injury (EBI) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is characterized by rapid
development of neuron apoptosis and dysregulated inflammatory response. Microglia …

Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury contributes to disability and mortality worldwide. Due to the
complicated mechanisms and lack of proper therapeutic targets, few interventions are …

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are trimeric proton-gated sodium channels. Recent work
has shown that these channels play a role in necroptosis following prolonged acidic …

P2X receptors, a subfamily of ligand-gated ion channels activated by extracellular ATP, are
implicated in various physiopathological processes, including inflammation, pain perception …

Extracellular proton concentration is at 40 nM when pH is 7.4. In disease conditions such as
brain ischemia, proton concentration can reach µM range. To respond to this increase in …