Although it is well accepted that the present Asian H5N1 panzootic is predominantly an
animal health problem, the human health implications and the risk of human pandemic have …

The prophylactic use of vaccines against exotic viral infections in production animals is
undertaken exclusively in regions where the disease concerned is endemic. In such areas …

Avian influenza (AI) vaccines and their field application can be an effective tool within a
comprehensive control program which should include the following additional …

Vaccination for both low pathogenicity avian influenza and highly pathogenic avian
influenza is commonly used by countries that have become endemic for avian influenza …

Since 1999, Italy has been challenged by several epidemics of Notifiable Avian Influenza
(NAI) of the H5 and H7 subtypes, occurring in the densely populated poultry areas of …

Background The serological diagnosis of avian influenza (AI) can be performed using
different methods, yet the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test is considered the 'gold …

Vaccination is becoming a more acceptable option in the effort to eradicate avian influenza
viruses (AIV) from commercial poultry, especially in countries where AIV is endemic. The …

Avian influenza (AI) vaccines have been developed and used to protect poultry and other
birds in various countries of the world. Protection is principally mediated by an immune …

Many assays aimed to test the inhibitory effects of synthetic molecules, and naturally
occurring products on the neuraminidase activity exploit the hydrolysis of 2′-O-(4 …

Emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 was due to mutation of low
pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 strain, which caused outbreaks in Italy between 1999 and …