In the two decades since their initial discovery, DNA vaccines technologies have come a
long way. Unfortunately, when applied to human subjects inadequate immunogenicity is still …

ABSTRACT A major advantage of DNA vaccination is the ability to induce both humoral and
cellular immune responses. DNA vaccines are currently used in veterinary medicine, but …

Despite many years of research, human DNA vaccines have yet to fulfill their early promise.
Over the past 15 years, multiple generations of DNA vaccines have been developed and …

We investigated the properties of leishmania exosomes with respect to influencing innate
and adaptive immune responses. Exosomes from Leishmania donovani modulated human …

Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that encompasses a range of clinical manifestations
affecting people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Epidemiological and …

Leishmaniasis is a diverse group of clinical syndromes caused by protozoan parasites of the
genus Leishmania. The clinical manifestation of the disease varies from self-limiting …

Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan Leishmania parasites that are transmitted through
female sandfly bites. The disease is predominantly endemic to the tropics and semi-tropics …

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease and remains a global concern for healthcare.
It is caused by an opportunistic protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania and …

Leishmaniasis is a significant worldwide health problem for which no vaccine exists.
Activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is crucial for the generation of protective immunity …

Poor immunogenicity remains the single biggest obstacle to human DNA vaccines achieving
their potential. Strategies to improve DNA vaccine efficacy include codon optimization …