Heavy metal pollution caused due to the industrialization has been considered as a
significant public health hazard, and these heavy metals exhibit various types of …

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major problems in current practical medicine. The
spread of genes coding for resistance determinants among bacteria challenges the use of …

As the field of nanomedicine emerges, there is a lag in research surrounding the topic of
nanoparticle (NP) toxicity, particularly concerned with mechanisms of action. The continuous …

Heavy metals bring long-term hazardous consequences and pose a serious threat to all life
forms. Being non-biodegradable, they can remain in the food webs for a long period of time …

Among the several biofilm-based bioreactors, moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) have
been extensively used for wastewater treatment due to low operational costs, technical …

The heavy metals cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) are extensively used in industry and
result in water and soil contamination. The highly toxic Cd (II) and Cr (VI) are the most …

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most important toxic environmental heavy metals. Cd pollutes
the environment mainly from mining, metallurgy industry, pigments and plastic stabilizers …

Heavy metal pollution is one of the major environmental concerns worldwide. Toxic heavy
metals when untreated get accumulated in environment and can pose severe threats to …

Lead (Pb) is an element present in the environment that negatively affects all living
organisms. To diminish its high toxicity, micro-organisms have developed several …

Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all living organisms and used as cofactor in
key enzymes of important biological processes, such as aerobic respiration or superoxide …