Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), allergic asthma (AAS), atopic dermatitis (AD),
food allergy (FA), and eczema are systemic diseases caused by an impaired immune …

The epithelial cell–derived cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, and IL-25
are central regulators of type 2 immunity, which drives a broad array of allergic responses …

Abstract T helper 2 (TH 2) cells orchestrate protective type 2 immune responses, such as
those that target helminths and facilitate tissue repair, but also contribute to chronic …

INTRODUCTION The lung, with its vast surface area, senses and responds to signals in
inhaled air. Aberrant interactions between the lung and the environment underlie many …

It is estimated that more than 339 million people worldwide suffer from asthma. The leading
cause of asthma development is the breakdown of immune tolerance to inhaled allergens …

Type-2-cell-mediated immunity, rich in eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, CD4+ T helper 2
(Th2) cells, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), protects the host from helminth …

There is increasing evidence regarding the importance of allergic sensitization through the
skin. In this review, we provide an overview of the atopic march and immune mechanism …

Naïve CD4 T cells, on activation, differentiate into distinct T helper (Th) subsets that produce
lineage-specific cytokines. By producing unique sets of cytokines, effector Th subsets play …

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic-relapsing inflammatory skin disease with
significant disease burden. Genetic and environmental trigger factors contribute to AD …

Naive CD4+ T cell differentiation into distinct subsets of T helper (Th) cells is a pivotal
process in the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Allergens predominantly stimulate …