Objective: Pedestrian lower extremity represents the most frequently injured body region in
car-to-pedestrian accidents. The European Directive concerning pedestrian safety was …

The increase in public transportation in the last decade has resulted in a larger pedestrian
population and hence a larger number of pedestrian collisions. In the past, car-pedestrian …

Skeletal muscles are embedded in an environment of other muscles, connective tissue, and
bones, which may transfer transversal forces to the muscle tissue, thereby compressing it. In …

Skeletal muscles are surrounded by other muscles, connective tissue and bones, which may
transfer transversal forces to the muscle belly. Simple Hill-type muscle models do not …

Analysis of pedestrians' head and lower limb injuries at the tissue level is lacking in studies
of tram–pedestrian collisions. The purpose of this paper therefore to investigate the impact …

The material properties of ligaments are not well characterized at rates of deformation that
occur during high-speed injuries. The aim of this study was to measure the material …

It is not known how inhomogeneous mechanical properties of bone affect contact mechanics
and cartilage response during physiological loading of the knee joint. In this study, a finite …

Pedestrians are likely to experience walking before accidents. The walking process imposes
cyclic loading on knee ligaments and increases knee joint temperature. Both cyclic loading …

Objective: Lower extremity injuries are the most frequent Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2
injury for drivers in frontal crashes. The objective was to reconstruct 11 real-world motor …

Ankle injuries are common in forensic practice, which are mainly caused by falling and traffic
accidents. Determining the mechanisms and manners of ankle injuries is a critical and …