The direct targets of extremely low and microwave frequency range electromagnetic fields
(EMF s) in producing non‐thermal effects have not been clearly established. However …

A wide range of cell types depend on mechanically induced signals to enable appropriate
physiological responses. The skeleton is particularly dependent on mechanical information …

In this article, we provide an extensive review of the recent literature of the signaling
pathways modulated by Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) and PEMFs clinical …

Bone is one of the most highly adaptive tissues in the body, possessing the capability to alter
its morphology and function in response to stimuli in its surrounding environment. The ability …

Stress fractures are a common type of overuse injury in athletes. Females have unique risk
factors such as the female athlete triad that contribute to stress fracture injuries. We review …

Pertrochanteric fractures in elderly patients represent a major health issue. The available
surgical options are fixation with extramedullary devices, intramedullary nailing, and …

The musculoskeletal system is a complex organ comprised of the skeletal bones, skeletal
muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, joints, and other connective tissue that physically …

Pseudarthrosis is an exceedingly common, costly, and morbid complication in the treatment
of long bone fractures and after spinal fusion surgery. Electrical bone growth stimulation …

Electrical stimulation is a common adjunct used to promote bone healing; its efficacy,
however, remains uncertain. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized sham-controlled …

Electromagnetic field (EMF) modalities offer an alternative to the increasing use of
pharmaceutical products for therapeutic use. This book presents state-of-the-art EMF use in …