Adrenal insufficiency is the clinical manifestation of deficient production or action of
glucocorticoids, with or without deficiency also in mineralocorticoids and adrenal androgens …

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a classic neuroendocrine system. One of
the best ways to understand the HPA axis is to appreciate its dynamics in the variety of …

Objective: To formulate clinical practice guidelines for hormonal replacement in
hypopituitarism in adults. Participants: The participants include an Endocrine Society …

Objective: The definition of normal adrenal function in critically ill patients remains
controversial, despite a large body of literature. We review the clinical presentation …

Context Characterization of the clinical features and natural history of nonfunctioning
pituitary microadenomas (NFPmAs) is limited by heterogeneous and small-scale studies …

Purpose There has been debate regarding the appropriate cortisol cutoff during the
cosyntropin stimulation test (CST) when newer cortisol assays are used. We aimed to …

Pituitary incidentalomas (PIs) are commonly encountered in clinical practice. While most are
microincidentalomas (< 1 cm) and not functional, in some cases their identification may lead …

Objective An ACTH stimulation test is the standard diagnostic test for adrenal insufficiency
(AI). We aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance between serum morning (0800 h) …

Objective: Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation testing is the current standard
for assessing primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency (AI). We aimed to investigate the …

The clinical presentation of adrenal insufficiency is variable, depending on whether the
onset is acute, leading to adrenal crisis, or chronic, with symptoms that are insidious and …