The epithelial surfaces of the lungs are in direct contact with the environment and are
subjected to dynamic physical forces as airway tubes and alveoli are stretched and …

Vaccination is the process of administering immunogenic formulations in order to induce or
harness antigen (Ag)-specific antibody and T cell responses in order to protect against …

The use of short chain fatty acids to modulate gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions such
as ulcerative colitis has produced encouraging results either in animal models or also in …

Lactate is an essential component of carbon metabolism in mammals. Recently, lactate was
shown to signal through the G protein coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) and to thus modulate …

The caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD)-based inflammasome sensors
NLRP1b and NLRC4 induce caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis independent of the …

The Nlrc4 inflammasome contributes to immunity against intracellular pathogens that
express flagellin and type III secretion systems, and activating mutations in NLRC4 cause …

Vaccine adjuvants induce innate immune responses and the addition of adjuvants to the
vaccine helps to induce protective immunity in the host. Vaccines utilizing live attenuated or …

Respiratory virus infections initiate in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Innate immunity is
critical for initial control of infection at this site, particularly in the absence of mucosal virus …

Motility is often a pathogenicity determinant of bacteria targeting mucosal tissues. Flagella
constitute the machinery that propels bacteria into appropriate niches. Besides motility, the …

Several vaccines targeting bacterial pathogens show reduced efficacy upon concurrent viral
infection, indicating that a new vaccinology approach is required. To identify antigens for the …