PTSD occurs in only a small fraction of trauma-exposed individuals, but risk is twice as high
in women as in men. The neurobiological basis for this discrepancy is not known, but the …

Extreme stress can cause long-lasting changes in affective behavior manifesting in
conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding the biological …

Reward availability and the potential for danger or safety potently regulate emotion. Despite
women being more likely than men to develop emotion dysregulation disorders, there are …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is twice as common in women as in men; it is a major
public health problem whose neurobiological basis is unknown. In preclinical studies using …

The experiment examined whether sex differences and the phase of the light cycle modified
how chronic restraint stress influenced anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Rats were …

Background The limited neurobiological understanding of posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) has been partially attributed to the need for improved animal models. Stress …

Chronic stress may impose a vulnerability to develop maladaptive fear-related behaviors
after a traumatic event. Whereas previous work found that chronic stress impairs the …

Stress alters both cognitive and emotional function, and increases risk for a variety of
psychological disorders, such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. The …

There are sex differences in the rates of many stress-sensitive psychological disorders such
as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala are …

Fear conditioning and avoidance tasks usually elicit adaptive aversive memories. Traumatic
memories are more intense, generalized, inflexible, and resistant to attenuation via …