Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is caused by a sudden temporary impairment of the blood
flow to the particular organ. IRI usually is associated with a robust inflammatory and …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to renal ischemia reperfusion (IR) is a major clinical problem
without effective therapy and is a significant and frequent cause of morbidity and mortality …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the leading cause of nephrology consultation and is associated
with high mortality rates. The primary causes of AKI include ischemia, hypoxia or …

Adenosine receptors are major targets of caffeine, the most commonly consumed drug in the
world. There is growing evidence that they could also be promising therapeutic targets in a …

Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released from most cells, including
neurones and glia. Once in the extracellular space, adenosine modifies cell functioning by …

In this review we outline the unique effects of the autacoid adenosine in the kidney.
Adenosine is present in the cytosol of renal cells and in the extracellular space of normoxic …

Objectives A series of brief coronary artery reperfusions and reocclusions applied during the
early minutes of coronary artery reflow (“postconditioning”) attenuates reperfusion injury …

MAPK activities, including JNK, p38, and ERK, are markedly enhanced after ischemia in
vivoand chemical anoxia in vitro. The relative extent of JNK, p38, or ERK activation has been …

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) contributes to the development of ischemic acute renal
failure (ARF). Multi-factorial processes are involved in the development and progression of …

Adenosine (Ado) accumulates in tissues under metabolic stress. On myocardial cells, the
nucleoside interacts with various receptor subtypes (A1, A3, and probably A2A and A2B) …